Extending Life 

Immortality is a trait that's desired by most human cultures, since the dawn of civilization. Positive Immortality is often the result of penance, divine intervention or drinking some nectar of the gods. Negative immortality on the other hand refers to vampires, demonic pacts or a life of torment. Even today, groundbreaking researches are being done for life-threatening diseases for potentially making lives limitless. Highest provable average lifespans achieved yet are in Japan, of around 85+ years, though individuals and small groups have reported lifespans well over a 100. My quest here is not to discuss the science of lifespan extension, but the potential ideas of what all upgradations are possible. 

1) Slow extension of a healthier old age.

The easiest choice to visualize. This is nothing but an improvement over what are doing currently. Healthify the lifestyles & cure diseases. We will live till not only 90 but 120,130. And despite us having fewer diseases and comparatively more energy, our vitalities and brains would still be the old, saturated and over-wrought. We would probably simply while away the extra time (excepting the energetic few who spend each second of their lives productively) and not be able to enjoy life as much.

2) Infinite Life; Choice of Dying

Religious, mythological and fantasy texts often describe people with exceptionally high lifespans. Adam was purported to live for 908 years. Elves live for 2,500 years. Vedic rishis lived for 3,000-3,500 years out of which several hundred were spent in Tapasya. In this scenario, we would stay forever young (adulthood) in body but become older and more saturated in mind all the while choosing when to die. Most "soft science fiction" oriented, this scenario is probably going to remain inaccessible until many hundreds of years in the future. Violence here is the only notable exception to which we will still die easy.

3) Proportionally Increasing Segments of Life

This is a unique viewpoint invented by myself. In short, it says that our lifespans will increase proportionally to each sphere of life that we undergo. For explaining further, let's first enumerate the lifespans first. 1) Infancy (0-2 years) 2) Childhood (3-9 years) 3) Adolescence (10-12 years) 4) Teenage (13-19 years) 5) Youth (20-27 years) 6) Adult (28-60 years)  8) Old (60+ years). The distinguishing marker in the respective ages is the noticeable physical and mental change. Say, a person's life doubles, i.e. increase to 150 years from 75. If we go by the first point made here, (Slow Extension of a Healthier old Age), his life from 60-150 years would be a long drag of the old age. However, if we proportionally increase his life, he would spend 0-4 years in infancy, 5-18 years in childhood, 19-23 as an adolescent, 24-35 as a teenager, 36-50 as a youth, 51-115 as an adult and 116-150 as an old person. This would involve not only a physical exaltation but also a rewiring of our brain cells, to make them last longer, mature slower and work for longer. Even the physical repair and overhaul would instil a slow maturity as an integral point, apart from general mechanical & biological improvement.

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Gender & Reproduction

Usually, in modern biology, we see puberty as the maturity of the human and the enlargement of the sexual organs. What we if we one step further and want to improve the fertility rate (as a consequence of peopling Mars, for example)? Certain Genetic changes in both females & males can lead to an explosion in the reproductive rate of humans: -

1) Growth of a second penis [Lizards and snakes already have two)

Would allow a male to copulate with multiple females without getting tired or losing libido entirely. Of course with this, is the requirement of vastly increasing the sperm & semen production otherwise dry ejaculations would be the only final result. 

2) Creation of a reproductive tract through the anus to the vulva

This would essentially allow a person to get impregnated through penetration from the anus. Soreness, 

3) Implanting a womb inside a man or a female growing a penis

Twin Tools ; Anus as Reproductive Organ; Hermaphrodite